重庆市万州区274家用人单位职业病危害项目申报现况分析

[摘要]　目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情（新冠疫情）暴发前、后2个年度，安庆市流行性感冒（流感）流行的强度和特征。方法　在“中国流感监测信息系统”中选取安庆市2019—2021年度监测数据，分析我市新冠疫情发生前、后的流感样病例就诊百分比、病原学阳性率和聚集性疫情的变化。结果　新冠疫情前、后2个年度，流感样病例就诊百分比分别为4.17%和3.78%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=56.652，P=0.000）；病原学阳性率分别为23.43%和1.15%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=538.694，P=0.000）。新冠疫情前的流感病毒活动呈现双峰分布，新冠疫情后全年仅检出27份流感病毒阳性样本。结论　新冠疫情中采取的严格非药物预防措施，对流感的季节性特征有重要影响。应通过疫苗接种和非药物预防等措施，做好流感防控工作。     

COVID-19 convalescent plasma: current status,lessons from the past and future perspectives

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, blood transfusion services worldwide started collection of convalescent plasma as early as possible, as exemplified by the response in Norway. There were challenges related to donor selection, donor safety, testing for relevant antibodies and indications for and dosing of the convalescent plasma. As more knowledge became available, the product quality was more standardised. Multiple case reports, observational studies and some randomized studies were published during the pandemic, as well as laboratory studies reporting different approaches to antibody testing. The results were conflicting and the importance of convalescent plasma was disputed.Even though there has been strong international collaboration with involvement of many key organisations, we may better prepare for the next pandemic. An even stronger, more formalised collaboration between these organisations could provide more clear evidence of the importance of convalescent plasma, based on the principles of passive immunisation.     

安庆市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发前后流行性感冒流行特征分析

[摘要]　目的　分析新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情（新冠疫情）暴发前、后2个年度，安庆市流行性感冒（流感）流行的强度和特征。方法　在“中国流感监测信息系统”中选取安庆市2019—2021年度监测数据，分析我市新冠疫情发生前、后的流感样病例就诊百分比、病原学阳性率和聚集性疫情的变化。结果　新冠疫情前、后2个年度，流感样病例就诊百分比分别为4.17%和3.78%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=56.652，P=0.000）；病原学阳性率分别为23.43%和1.15%，差异有统计学意义（χ2=538.694，P=0.000）。新冠疫情前的流感病毒活动呈现双峰分布，新冠疫情后全年仅检出27份流感病毒阳性样本。结论　新冠疫情中采取的严格非药物预防措施，对流感的季节性特征有重要影响。应通过疫苗接种和非药物预防等措施，做好流感防控工作。     

浅谈不同年龄结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌患者甲状腺超声特征的临床比较

目的:给予不同年龄结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌患者实施甲状腺超声检查,对相应的超声检查特征展开分析。方法:选择2018年6月~2019年6月的114例患者为对象,所有患者均被确诊为结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌,并且利用甲状腺二维超声及多普勒超声对患者进行检查,依据患者年龄阶段均分为两组,每组中各纳入57例患者,年龄超过60岁以上的患者为老年组;年龄在60岁以下的患者为中青年组,对比两组患者的血流相关指标与钙化情况数据。结果:老年组中的平均收缩期流速、阻力指数等数据明显低于中青年组,且比较后P<0.05,具有临床可比较意义。老年组中钙化的总例数为21例,总钙化率占比为36.84%,中青年组中钙化的总例数为38例,总钙化率占比为66.67%,前者数据显著低于后者钙化率,P<0.05。结论:在对结节性甲状腺肿合并甲状腺癌患者实施超声检查后,中青年组患者的病灶呈现低回声、高回声以及伴微小钙化、血流分布以内部血流为主、血流阻力大的特点明显高于老年组,能够显著提升诊断效果,为日后的临床治疗提供了图像依据。     

2011—2020年呼和浩特市流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的 分析呼和浩特市2011—2020年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)流行病学特征,为制定有针对性防控措施提供参考依据。方法 对呼和浩特市2011—2020年流行性腮腺炎的发病数据进行监测分析,描述其分布及趋势。 呼和浩特市2011—2020年共报告流腮病例6 176例,年均发病率20.60/10万,其中2012年发病率最高为40.17/10万,2020年发病率最低为7.08/10万,2012年和2020年发病率差异有统计学意义(χ2=717.641,P<0.001),10年间流腮发病呈波动下降趋势。流腮发病具有明显季节性,11月至次年1月和4—7月出现2个发病高峰。年龄分布以儿童和青少年为主,占总病例数60.83%。流腮病例最多人群是学生,占总病例数的61.08%。 流腮暴发疫情主要发生在中小学校,应加强儿童入托、入学预防接种证查验和流腮疫苗查漏补种工作,必要时开展6～15岁学生为目标人群的应急接种。     

Efficacy,immunogenicity, and safety of available vaccines in children on biologics: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Vaccinations are essential for preventing infectious diseases in children with chronic diseases as they have increased risk of infection from frequent use of biologics. Response to immunizations in this group is not well known.ObjectiveA systematic review was performed to evaluate three primary outcomes: efficacy; immunogenicity; and safety of vaccines in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics.MethodsThe protocol for our systematic review and meta-analysis was registered and published with PROSPERO. We searched electronic bibliographic databases for studies published from 2009 to 2019, focusing on vaccinations in children with chronic conditions treated with biologics.ResultsWe retrieved 532 records. Thirty-one full-text articles were selected, and 14 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant publication bias was found. Efficacy: limited data are available regarding the efficacy of vaccination, as most studies have focused on immunogenicity as surrogate outcome for efficacy. Immunogenicity: patients receiving anti-TNF-alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of poor seroconversion (p = 0.028) and seroprotection by the serotype B influenza vaccine [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) p = 0.013; juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) p = 0.004]. We found adequate responses with H1N1 and H3N2 serotypes. Few studies existed for pneumococcal, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, varicella-zoster virus, Measles Mumps Rubella virus, and multiple vaccine administration. Safety: vaccine administration was not associated with serious side effects, but JIA patients on anti-TNF alpha therapy had a statistically significant risk of presenting with myalgia or arthralgia postinfluenza vaccine (p = 0.014).ConclusionsMore evidence concerning efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of vaccinations is needed to guide physicians in the vaccine decision process for this pediatric population.     

鸟巢式护理模式对早产儿生长发育及肠胃功能的影响

目的 探讨鸟巢式护理模式在早产儿护理中的应用价值。方法 选取2016年6月—2020年5月本院收治的早产儿94例,采用随机数表法将其分为两组,每组各47例。对照组给予早产儿采取常规护理,观察组在早产儿常规护理上实施鸟巢式护理模式。比较两组临床效果、护理前后生长发育情况、肠胃功能及家属护理满意度。结果 观察组体温波动幅度低于对照组,睡眠时间长于对照组,血氧饱和度高于对照组,出暖箱时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。护理前,两组头围、身高、体质量比较,差异无统计学意义(t=0.381,P=0.704、t=0.211,P=0.833、t=1.472,P=0.144);护理后2周,观察组头围(28.44±1.35)cm、身高(44.86±2.05)cm、体质量(2 336.93±12.47)g,高于对照组的(27.76±1.87)cm、(42.46±2.43)cm、(2 310.14±13.56)g,差异有统计学意义(t=2.021,P=0.046、t=5.175,P<0.001、t=9.970,P<0.001);观察组首次胎便时间、胎便转黄时间分别为(21.74±7.35)h、(58.91±12.44)h,短于对照组的(25.02±8.13)h、(63.87±13.74)h,排便次数及进奶量的增加分别为(5.67±1.32)次/d、(3.38±1.43)mL/d,高于对照组的(4.21±1.84)次/d、(2.13±0.27)mL/d,差异有统计学意义(t=2.052,P=0.043、t=4.420,P<0.001、t=2.205,P=0.030、t=5.889,P<0.001);观察组护理总满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 鸟巢式护理模式可减少早产儿体温波动幅度,提供适宜的恒温环境,促进早产儿生长发育,效果确切,值得广泛应用。     

Systemic therapy for hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative early stage and metastatic breast cancer

Hormone receptor (HR)-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer is defined by the presence of the estrogen receptor and/or the progesterone receptor and the absence of HER2 gene amplification. HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer accounts for 65%–70% of all breast cancers, and incidence increases with increasing age. Treatment varies by stage, and endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment in both early stage and late-stage disease. Combinations with cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors have reduced distant recurrence in the early stage setting and improved overall survival in the metastatic setting. Chemotherapy is used based on stage and tumor biology in the early stage setting and after endocrine resistance for advanced disease. New therapies, including novel endocrine agents and antibody-drug conjugates, are now changing the treatment landscape. With the availability of new treatment options, it is important to define the optimal sequence of treatment to maximize clinical benefit while minimizing toxicity. In this review, the authors first discuss the pathologic and molecular features of HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer and mechanisms of endocrine resistance. Then, they discuss current and emerging therapies for both early stage and metastatic HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer, including treatment algorithms based on current data.     

实习护生情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力的中介效应

目的:了解实习护生情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力现状并探讨三者关系。方法:采用情绪智力量表、临床实习环境量表和卫生职业教育病人安全感知量表对492名实习护生进行调查。结果:实习护生情绪智力总分为(123.81±18.69)分,临床实习环境总分为(119.48±22.16)分,病人安全感知能力总分为(67.16±12.06)分,情绪智力、临床实习环境与病人安全感知能力呈正相关(r值分别为0.723和0.720,P<0.01);情绪智力在临床实习环境和病人安全感知能力间起部分中介效应,中介效应估计值为0.286(28.6%)。结论:学校要举办人文课程活动以培养情绪智力;医院应制订计划增加学习机会,选拔给予护生充分支持的带教老师,改善临床实习环境。